SSL-VPN connection fails at 48% with "SSL connection is down" — error -455 and -7105

Environment:

FortiClient VPN 7.4.3.4726 (free/standalone)
SSL-VPN to remote gateway: vpn5.go.com.mt:443
OS: Windows

VPN Configuration:
Type: SSL-VPN
Port: 443 (custom)
Authentication: Prompt on login
Single Sign On (SSO): Disabled
Client Certificate: None
IPv4/IPv6 dual-stack: Disabled

Issue:

When attempting to connect via SSL-VPN, the connection progress bar reaches 48% and then fails with a popup: "SSL connection is down".
Credentials have been verified and reset multiple times. MFA is active and functioning correctly. VPN configuration appears correct.
Errors observed in Notifications log:

Too many bad login attempts. Please try again in a few minutes. (-455) — repeated multiple times throughout the day
Token denied or timeout. (-7105) — appeared earlier in the session

What was already checked/tried:

Password confirmed correct and reset multiple times
Username confirmed correct
MFA (token) is active and generating codes normally
VPN gateway and port (443) confirmed correct
No FortiClient EMS in use (standalone free version)

Question:

Is the -455 lockout being triggered by the -7105 token timeout failures? Could there be a server-side issue with MFA validation causing the loop? Any guidance on how to resolve this would be appreciated.