| Ubuntu uses LVM to manage disk. Here is an example of how to expand disk space in which the FortiClient EMS server is running on the ESXi server. Note: For a virtual appliance running EMS 7.4.5 or later, the built-in commands must be used instead, as described in the FortiClient EMS documentation: Adding and expanding disks on EMS VMs 7.4.5. While non-virtual appliance deployment can still use the steps described here, using the built-in commands is preferred.  Change the size of the virtual machine's hard disk: - Log in to ESXi.
- Select the virtual machine.
- Select Edit.
- Change the size of the Hard Disk and Increase disk size from 25G to 45G.
- Select 'Save'.
Expand the disk in the FortiClient EMS server: # df -T
Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
tmpfs tmpfs 197M 1.3M 196M 1% /run
/dev/mapper/ubuntu--vg-ubuntu--lv ext4 20G 18G 1.2G 94% / <----- Show 20G.
tmpfs tmpfs 982M 1.3M 981M 1% /dev/shm
tmpfs tmpfs 5.0M 0 5.0M 0% /run/lock
/dev/vda2 ext4 974M 253M 654M 28% /boot
tmpfs tmpfs 197M 4.0K 197M 1% /run/user/1000 # fdisk -l
Disk /dev/loop0: 55.38 MiB, 58073088 bytes, 113424 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk /dev/loop1: 55.66 MiB, 58363904 bytes, 113992 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk /dev/loop2: 91.88 MiB, 96346112 bytes, 188176 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk /dev/loop3: 63.95 MiB, 67051520 bytes, 130960 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk /dev/loop4: 67.75 MiB, 71041024 bytes, 138752 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk /dev/loop5: 38.83 MiB, 40714240 bytes, 79520 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
GPT PMBR size mismatch (52428799 != 94371839) will be corrected by write.
The backup GPT table is not on the end of the device.
Disk /dev/vda: 45 GiB, 48318382080 bytes, 94371840 sectors <----- Show 45G.
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: gpt
Disk identifier: 11A769E4-8B08-4155-B11E-12CA9047A878
Device Start End Sectors Size Type
/dev/vda1 2048 4095 2048 1M BIOS boot
/dev/vda2 4096 2101247 2097152 1G Linux filesystem
/dev/vda3 2101248 52426751 50325504 24G Linux filesystem <----- Show 24G.
Disk /dev/mapper/ubuntu--vg-ubuntu--lv: 20 GiB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
# fdisk /dev/vda Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.37.2).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command. GPT PMBR size mismatch (52428799 != 94371839) will be corrected by write.
The backup GPT table is not on the end of the device. This problem will be corrected by write.
This disk is currently in use - repartitioning is probably a bad idea.
It's recommended to umount all file systems, and swapoff all swap
partitions on this disk.
Command (m for help): m
Help: GPT
M enter protective/hybrid MBR Generic
d delete a partition
F list free unpartitioned space
l list known partition types
n add a new partition
p print the partition table
t change a partition type
v verify the partition table
i print information about a partition Misc
m print this menu
x extra functionality (experts only) Script
I load disk layout from sfdisk script file
O dump disk layout to sfdisk script file Save & Exit
w write table to disk and exit
q quit without saving changes Create a new label
g create a new empty GPT partition table
G create a new empty SGI (IRIX) partition table
o create a new empty DOS partition table
s create a new empty Sun partition table
Command (m for help): F
Unpartitioned space /dev/vda: 20 GiB, 21475868160 bytes, 41945055 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Start End Sectors Size
52426752 94371806 41945055 20G Command (m for help): n
Partition number (4-128, default 4): 4
First sector (52426752-94371806, default 52426752): 52426752
Last sector, +/-sectors or +/-size{K,M,G,T,P} (52426752-94371806, default 94371806): 94371806 Created a new partition 4 of type 'Linux filesystem' and of size 20 GiB. Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered.
Syncing disks. # fdisk -l
Disk /dev/loop0: 55.38 MiB, 58073088 bytes, 113424 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk /dev/loop1: 55.66 MiB, 58363904 bytes, 113992 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk /dev/loop2: 91.88 MiB, 96346112 bytes, 188176 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk /dev/loop3: 63.95 MiB, 67051520 bytes, 130960 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk /dev/loop4: 67.75 MiB, 71041024 bytes, 138752 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk /dev/loop5: 38.83 MiB, 40714240 bytes, 79520 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk /dev/vda: 45 GiB, 48318382080 bytes, 94371840 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: gpt
Disk identifier: 11A769E4-8B08-4155-B11E-12CA9047A878
Device Start End Sectors Size Type
/dev/vda1 2048 4095 2048 1M BIOS boot
/dev/vda2 4096 2101247 2097152 1G Linux filesystem
/dev/vda3 2101248 52426751 50325504 24G Linux filesystem
/dev/vda4 52426752 94371806 41945055 20G Linux filesystem <----- Expand 20G.
Disk /dev/mapper/ubuntu--vg-ubuntu--lv: 20 GiB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
# pvdisplay
--- Physical volume ---
PV Name /dev/vda3
VG Name ubuntu-vg
PV Size <24.00 GiB / not usable 0
Allocatable yes
PE Size 4.00 MiB
Total PE 6143
Free PE 1023
Allocated PE 5120
PV UUID 6Xm7UO-uhhE-rdqB-73zY-C5zB-BeB8-9whA5j # pvcreate /dev/vda4
Physical volume "/dev/vda4" successfully created. # pvdisplay
--- Physical volume ---
PV Name /dev/vda3
VG Name ubuntu-vg
PV Size <24.00 GiB / not usable 0
Allocatable yes
PE Size 4.00 MiB
Total PE 6143
Free PE 1023
Allocated PE 5120
PV UUID 6Xm7UO-uhhE-rdqB-73zY-C5zB-BeB8-9whA5j "/dev/vda4" is a new physical volume of "20.00 GiB"
--- NEW Physical volume ---
PV Name /dev/vda4
VG Name
PV Size 20.00 GiB
Allocatable NO
PE Size 0
Total PE 0
Free PE 0
Allocated PE 0
PV UUID ZnECe9-X2VQ-qNNg-5z3K-vOJo-ka43-0RTv1e # vgdisplay
--- Volume group ---
VG Name ubuntu-vg
System ID
Format lvm2
Metadata Areas 1
Metadata Sequence No 4
VG Access read/write
VG Status resizable
MAX LV 0
Cur LV 1
Open LV 1
Max PV 0
Cur PV 1
Act PV 1
VG Size <24.00 GiB
PE Size 4.00 MiB
Total PE 6143
Alloc PE / Size 5120 / 20.00 GiB
Free PE / Size 1023 / <4.00 GiB
VG UUID oFuZWf-DFkF-Al2m-qXPZ-BP3g-N8NO-fgSVU1
# vgextend ubuntu-vg /dev/vda4
Volume group "ubuntu-vg" successfully extended # pvdisplay
--- Physical volume ---
PV Name /dev/vda3
VG Name ubuntu-vg
PV Size <24.00 GiB / not usable 0
Allocatable yes
PE Size 4.00 MiB
Total PE 6143
Free PE 1023
Allocated PE 5120
PV UUID 6Xm7UO-uhhE-rdqB-73zY-C5zB-BeB8-9whA5j --- Physical volume ---
PV Name /dev/vda4
VG Name ubuntu-vg
PV Size 20.00 GiB / not usable 4.98 MiB
Allocatable yes
PE Size 4.00 MiB
Total PE 5119
Free PE 5119
Allocated PE 0
PV UUID ZnECe9-X2VQ-qNNg-5z3K-vOJo-ka43-0RTv1e # vgdisplay
--- Volume group ---
VG Name ubuntu-vg
System ID
Format lvm2
Metadata Areas 2
Metadata Sequence No 5
VG Access read/write
VG Status resizable
MAX LV 0
Cur LV 1
Open LV 1
Max PV 0
Cur PV 2
Act PV 2
VG Size 43.99 GiB
PE Size 4.00 MiB
Total PE 11262
Alloc PE / Size 5120 / 20.00 GiB
Free PE / Size 6142 / 23.99 GiB
VG UUID oFuZWf-DFkF-Al2m-qXPZ-BP3g-N8NO-fgSVU1 # lvdisplay
--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/ubuntu-vg/ubuntu-lv
LV Name ubuntu-lv
VG Name ubuntu-vg
LV UUID QWZQRo-kZWx-hlqb-uwCQ-CkQB-UZH1-w98wiC
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time ubuntu-server, 2021-01-15 01:50:28 +1100
LV Status available
# open 1
LV Size 20.00 GiB
Current LE 5120
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 256
Block device 253:0 # lvresize -l +6142 /dev/mapper/ubuntu--vg-ubuntu--lv
Size of logical volume ubuntu-vg/ubuntu-lv changed from 20.00 GiB (5120 extents) to 43.99 GiB (11262 extents).
Logical volume ubuntu-vg/ubuntu-lv successfully resized. # lvdisplay
--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/ubuntu-vg/ubuntu-lv
LV Name ubuntu-lv
VG Name ubuntu-vg
LV UUID QWZQRo-kZWx-hlqb-uwCQ-CkQB-UZH1-w98wiC
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time ubuntu-server, 2021-01-15 01:50:28 +1100
LV Status available
# open 1
LV Size 43.99 GiB
Current LE 11262
Segments 2
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 256
Block device 253:0 # resize2fs /dev/mapper/ubuntu--vg-ubuntu--lv
resize2fs 1.46.5 (30-Dec-2021)
Filesystem at /dev/mapper/ubuntu--vg-ubuntu--lv is mounted on /; on-line resizing required
old_desc_blocks = 3, new_desc_blocks = 6
The filesystem on /dev/mapper/ubuntu--vg-ubuntu--lv is now 11532288 (4k) blocks long. # df -Th
Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
tmpfs tmpfs 197M 1.3M 196M 1% /run
/dev/mapper/ubuntu--vg-ubuntu--lv ext4 44G 18G 24G 43% / <----- Increase to 44G.
tmpfs tmpfs 982M 1.3M 981M 1% /dev/shm
tmpfs tmpfs 5.0M 0 5.0M 0% /run/lock
/dev/vda2 ext4 974M 253M 654M 28% /boot
tmpfs tmpfs 197M 4.0K 197M 1% /run/user/1000 Related article: Technical Tip: Increasing Linux disk space for FortiClient EMS running on Ubuntu 22.04 LTS | 
